全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5105篇 |
免费 | 736篇 |
国内免费 | 1908篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 215篇 |
2022年 | 214篇 |
2021年 | 287篇 |
2020年 | 327篇 |
2019年 | 427篇 |
2018年 | 395篇 |
2017年 | 302篇 |
2016年 | 296篇 |
2015年 | 269篇 |
2014年 | 287篇 |
2013年 | 392篇 |
2012年 | 269篇 |
2011年 | 318篇 |
2010年 | 272篇 |
2009年 | 327篇 |
2008年 | 321篇 |
2007年 | 355篇 |
2006年 | 330篇 |
2005年 | 277篇 |
2004年 | 261篇 |
2003年 | 222篇 |
2002年 | 175篇 |
2001年 | 139篇 |
2000年 | 111篇 |
1999年 | 133篇 |
1998年 | 115篇 |
1997年 | 68篇 |
1996年 | 81篇 |
1995年 | 62篇 |
1994年 | 52篇 |
1993年 | 53篇 |
1992年 | 39篇 |
1991年 | 44篇 |
1990年 | 48篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 30篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有7749条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
131.
132.
豫西黄土高原农作区鼠类群落动态:时空尺度格局的初步分析 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
本文分析了豫西农业生态系统中鼠类群落局部空间尺度的短期动态格局。在区域尺度上,该群落为棕色田鼠+大仓鼠型,群落多样性与丰富度和均匀度都有显著的正相关,丰富度的作用大于均匀度的作用。由于资源分布的斑块性,群落优势种和次优势种对环境变异的季节性反应不同,故群落的时空格局具有明显的变化。在农田中,群落在秋季分化为棕色田鼠+大仓鼠亚群落型和大仓鼠+棕色田鼠型,后者的生境斑块为单一的玉米田和油葵田;在作物轮作的格局下,群落多样性与丰富度和均匀度都有显著的正相关。在果园中,无论果树树龄和季节的变化,棕色田鼠的多度总是大于大仓鼠,即群落格局是不变的,而群落多样性与丰富度和多度之间均无显著的相关性。然而,灌溉可使大仓鼠与棕色田鼠的数量关系发生逆转,因此灌溉不仅影响果园中鼠类群落格局的分化,而且也将影响到农田中的这种分化。在一年弃耕地中,群落格局从夏季开始由棕色田鼠+大仓鼠亚群落型转化为大仓鼠+棕色田鼠亚群落型;在第3年末演替结束时,多年生植物取代一年生植物成为优势种,大仓鼠+棕色田鼠群落格局则趋于稳定。在此过程中,群落多样性和丰富度与均匀度均无显著的相关性。本研究结果还表明,异质性可导致农作区鼠类群落的多样性 相似文献
133.
Conservation and management issues of Prespa National Park 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The present article describes the human activities inthe area and their changes and trends, given that thecontemporary nature conservation key issues areclosely related to past and present socio-economic andcultural conditions, both within Prespa itself andoutside of it. The liberation of Prespa, a remote andrather socially isolated borderline area, from Ottoman occupation took place in 1912–13. Recentevents in its environmental history have been forestclearings and human depopulation in the Civil War(1944–49), irrigation system construction in the1960s, its discovery by ornithologists in the late1960s, the high emigration rates of 1960–1980, itsdesignation as a National Park in 1974, thedestructive development works of 1984–86 afterGreeces entry to the EEC and the conversion to intensivebean cultivation in the mid 1980s.The human population of ca 7000 at the start of thiscentury suffered an almost 80% decrease after theCivil War. A resettlement in the mid 1950s increasedthe population by 40% but in the 1970s emigrationreduced it to its previous size of around 1500, stillits present size. The extensive and diverse farmingsystems of previous centuries changed gradually afterthe construction of an irrigation network in the1960s, which twenty years later and along withinternational changes in production and economypatterns, made possible the present day domination ofa bean monoculture within irrigated croplands. Thiswas accompanied by increased energy inputs,mechanisation and the use of chemicals.Intensification of agriculture brought increasedincomes which attracted also livestock keepers,resulting in a 56% decrease in numbers of livestockin 1964–1993. Cattle are presently kept for meatproduction only. They graze on the mountains, and nolonger in the meadows around the lakeshore. A localshorthorn breed accounting for 93% of all cattle in1963 declined to less than 18% in 1993. Fishing aimedmainly at carp and Prespa bleak, continues today as inthe past to be a source of supplementary income.Eighty-six per cent of the – mainly oak and beech –forests are State owned and the rest belong to localmunicipalities. The forest area has not changedessentially in the last 40 years, but forest roadshave expanded. Forests provide mainly fuelwood forlocal needs and small quantities of industrial timber.No specific management is conducted to safeguard theconservation values of the forest, the majority ofwhich consists of even aged coppiced stands withlimited value for wildlife. Manufacturing never playedan important role for the economy of the area. Tourismhas increased in the last 20 years, concentratedmainly in summer and spring. Accommodation in thevillages is not yet satisfactory though it hasimproved enormously in recent years. The NationalParks infrastructure for visitors remains poor.Tourist pressure generally is not yet that high toimpact drastically the social and environmentalfabric. In places, hunting, angling and poaching cannegatively affect the target species. The constructionof the irrigation network in the eastern part of LakeMikri Prespa was the most important change to thelandscape and the habitats of Prespa the last 30years. It resulted in the embankment of free-flowingstreams, drainage of wet meadows and dramaticreduction of trees and hedges. In the last 15 years,the reedbeds, no longer burnt or mowed and assisted byincreased nutrient loadings from agricultural runoff,have expanded landward to occupy formerly open,periodically flooded, areas. The above changes inhabitats and land use have brought an impoverishmentof biodiversity which can be seen in the exterminationor the decrease in the numbers of certain plant andbird species.The problems preventing a better management of theNational Park and the perpetuation of its values areinappropriate legislation, the poor degree ofcoordination of the public services, the lack of botha specific National Park Service in Greece and amanagement authority for the Park and the hostileattitude of local people due to their limitedinformation and involvement. The scenic beauty, thewetlands and a number of rare habitats, the diversityof habitats, flora and fauna, the endemic life forms,the rare mammals and the colonial waterbirds, thelocal architecture and the cultural expressions suchas the Byzantine monuments, are the values of Prespathat must be preserved as a whole. The initialconservation efforts aimed at preserving biodiversitybut later it became apparent that not only are humansan inseparable part of the whole, but additionally,several of their extensive activities have contributedsubstantially to the rich biodiversity of the area.Through the prerequisites of keeping a balance betweenprimary and tertiary sector activities and ofrevitalizing the social fabric, the following are thekey management and conservation issues of today: anunequivocal agreement on the values to be preservedand their limits; the formation of a managementauthority; a new realistic protection and land usezoning; the diversification and extensification of allfarming activities; the restoration of the wet meadowhabitats; the ensuring of a high water level and agood water quality for both lakes through tri-lateralcooperation between Greece, Albania and FYROM; and theestablishment of a permanent environmental monitoringscheme. 相似文献
134.
The habitat occupied by a subpopulation and withinwhich there is random mating is known as itsneighborhood area. Neighborhood area is dependenton dispersal rates and organisms with low rates ofdispersal are expected to have small neighborhoodareas. In the absence of evolutionary forces,neighborhood areas under sexual reproduction will beconstant in size as long as dispersal patterns do notchange. This scenario differs when reproduction is bycyclical parthenogenesis since recombination anddispersal may occur in different generations. Ingeneral, dispersal distances increase with the numberof parthenogenetic generations. We show that cyclicalparthenogenesis increases neighborhood area which,concomitantly, decreases the potential for geneticsubdivision. It is noteworthy, however, that theincrease in neighborhood area is a decreasing functionof the number of parthenogenetic generations.This mechanism may have important implications for thepopulation structure of planktonic rotifers living ina horizontally undifferentiated habitat. In suchhabitats organisms are effectively unrestricted intheir lateral movements. Because rotifers typicallyhave low dispersal rates spatial geneticdiscontinuities may develop that divide the populationinto genetically distinct subpopulations. Counteringthis tendency is the increased neighborhood areaproduced by dispersal during the parthenogeneticphase. Thus cyclical parthenogenesis in organismslike rotifers may have important and previouslyunreported effects on the population's geneticstructure. 相似文献
135.
Surface water chemistry characteristics in the Lake Storgrønningen drainage area, Høylandet, during periods of high and low discharge 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The surface water chemistry of Høylandet has beenstudied by performing two synoptic surveys, duringhigh runoff in the autumn of 1986 and during a lowflow period in the summer of 1988. Based on watersamples of up to 38 chemical variables from 75 sites,analyses show considerable variation in the chemicalcomposition. There is a strong altitude gradient, i.e.very dilute poorly buffered waters dominate at higherelevations near the timberline while progressivelyhigher salt content and alkalinities arecharacteristic at lower altitudes more dominated byforests. The influence of mires is less pronounced.The overall water quality is of oligotrophic naturewith low concentrations of strong acid anions andmetals known to be enriched under acidifiedconditions. The natural pH gradients are considerablebut with no indication of anthropogenic acidification.The data provide little support for the hypothesisthat in-catchment production of organically derivedacidity leads to acid runoff, which in thesecatchments appears compensated by increasedweathering. The findings are in general accordancewith other Høylandet catchment studies. It isconcluded that this area may serve as a representativepristine surface runoff analogue for catchmentscurrently affected by atmospheric deposition of strongmineral acids. 相似文献
136.
Abstract: This study was aimed at identifying the neuronal pathways that mediate the eating-induced increase in the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain. For that purpose, a microdialysis probe was implanted in the ventral tegmental area and a second probe was placed in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens. Receptor-specific compounds acting on GABAA (40 µ M muscimol; 50 µ M bicuculline), GABAB (50 µ M baclofen), acetylcholine (50 µ M carbachol), NMDA [30 µ M (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP)], and non-NMDA [300 µ M 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX)] receptors were infused into the ventral tegmental area by retrograde dialysis, whereas extracellular dopamine was recorded in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens. Intrategmental infusion of muscimol or baclofen decreased extracellular dopamine in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens; CPP and CNQX were without effect, and bicuculline and carbachol increased dopamine release. During infusion of the various compounds, food-deprived rats were allowed to eat for 10 min. The infusions of muscimol, bicuculline, baclofen, carbachol, and CNQX did not prevent the eating-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. However, during intrategmental infusion of CPP, the eating-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens was suppressed. These results indicate that a glutamatergic projection to the ventral tegmental area mediates, via an NMDA receptor, the eating-induced increase in dopamine release from mesolimbic dopamine neurons. 相似文献
137.
中国东亚飞蝗新类型蝗区──海南热带稀树草原蝗区的生态地理特征及其与大沙河蝗区比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文系统地对海南热带稀树草原螟区的生态地理结构特征进行了分析,说明本蝗区是Uvarov(1936)提出的飞蝗两类蝗区理论中.由于森林破坏而形成的一类蝗区,作者将它定名为"热带稀树草原蝗区"。这类蝗区在我国过去尚缺乏研究。文中进而根据本蝗区的成因、生态特征以及对蝗区的生态控制对策,分别与我国大陆的东亚飞蝗大沙河类型蝗区进行了比较。 相似文献
138.
大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区在睡眠-觉醒调节中的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本实验在31只清醒自由行动的雄性SD大鼠进行。结果如下:(1)双侧中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)微量注射3.3nmol溴隐亭后第2—3h觉醒时间显著增加(P<0.01);6.6nmol溴隐亭有类似效果;0.66和1.33nmol溴隐亭无明显作用。(2)同样方法VTA微量注射2nmol和4nmolSCH23390后第2—3h觉醒时间明显减少(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05),但注射3.4nmol舒必利则无效。(3)红藻氨酸(0.3μg)双侧VTA注后一周,大鼠白天觉醒减少,夜间无明显变化。以上结果表明溴隐亭微量注射到VTA可能通过D1受体使多巴胺神经元活动增加而产生致觉醒作用;另外VTA中DA神经元对于维持日间的觉醒可能有紧张性作用。 相似文献
139.
Lauren Alfred Schroeder 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1984,35(3):255-261
Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.相似文献
140.
W. Vader 《Hydrobiologia》1977,52(1):23-28
The amphibious land-molluse,Perforatella rubiginosa, is a common, wide-spread and characteristic inhabitant of the freshwater tidal region of the river Scheldt and its tributaries
in NW Belgium. The species occupies a rather narrow zone in the uppermost intertidal area, which is characterized by large
amounts of tidal drift covering the bottom, and usually by a luxuriant vegetation of tall, nitrophilous herbs, often withUrtica dioica dominant. Other characteristic molluscs of this zone areCarychium minimum, Oxyloma pfeifferi, O. sarsi, Deroceras laeve, Vitrea crystallina andZonitoides nitidus, locally alsoNesovitrea hammonis.
Communication nr. 143 of the Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands 相似文献